Investigation of Hadron Multiplicities and Hadron Yield Ratios in Heavy Ion Collisions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/ujpe58.03.0211Keywords:
hadron resonance gas, second virial coefficients, chemical freeze-outAbstract
We thoroughly discuss some weak points of the thermal model, which is traditionally used to describe the hadron multiplicities measured in the central nucleus-nucleus collisions. In particularly, the role of conservation laws and the values of hard-core radii along with the effects of the Lorentz contraction of hadron eigenvolumes and the hadronic surface tension are systematically studied. It is shown that, for the adequate description of hadron multiplicities, the conservation laws should be modified, whereas the conservation laws are not necessary at all for the description of hadron yield ratios. We analyzed the usual criteria for the chemical freeze-out and found that none of them is robust. A new chemical freeze-out criterion of constant entropy per hadron equals to 7.18 is suggested, and a novel effect of adiabatic chemical hadron production is discussed. Additionally, we found that the data for the center-of-mass energies above 10 GeV lead to the temperature of the nil hadronic surface tension coefficient of about T0 = 147 ± 7 MeV. This is a very intriguing result, since a very close estimate for such a temperature was obtained recently within an entirely different approach. We argue that these two independently obtained results evidence that the (tri)critical temperature of a QCD phase diagram is between 140 and 154 MeV. In addition, we suggest to consider the pion and kaon hardcore radii as new fitting parameters. Such an approach allows us, for the first time, to simultaneously describe the hadron multiplicities and the Strangeness Horn and to get a high-quality fit of the available experimental data.
References
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich and J. Stachel, arXiv:0304013v1 [nucl-th] and references therein.</li>
<li>A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, and J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A 772,167 (2006); arXiv:0511071v3 [nucl-th].</li>
<li>A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, and J. Stachel, arXiv:0812.1186v3 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> G.D. Yen and M.I. Gorenstein, Phys. Rev. C 59, 2788 (1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.59.2788">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.59.2788</a></li>
<li> G.D. Yen, M.I. Gorenstein, W. Greiner, and S.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. C 56, 2210 (1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.56.2210">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.56.2210</a></li>
<li> A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, J. Stachel, and M. Winn, arXiv:1201.0693v1 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> S. Wheaton and J. Cleymans, arXiv:0407174 [hep-ph].</li>
<li> L.M. Satarov, M.N. Dmitriev, and I.N. Mishustin, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 72, 1390 (2009). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778809080146">https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778809080146</a></li>
<li> D. Adamova et al. (CERES collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 022301 (2003); arXiv:0207008 [nucl-ex]; M. Lisa, S. Pratt, R. Soltz, and U. Wiedemann, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55, 357 (2005); arXiv:0505014 [nucl-ex].</li>
<li> A. Bohr and B.R. Mottelson, Nuclear Structure, Vol.1, (Benjamin, New York, 1969).</li>
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger, I. Heppe, and J. Stachel arXiv:9903010v2 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> G.D. Yen, M.I. Gorenstein, W. Greiner, and S.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. C 56, 2210 (1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.56.2210">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.56.2210</a></li>
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger, J. Stachel, J.P. Wesselsa, and N. Xu, Phys. Lett. B 344, 43 (1995); arXiv:9410026 [nucl-th]; Phys. Lett. B 365, 1 (1996); arXiv:9508020 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> J. Cleymans, D. Elliott, A. Keranen, and E. Suhonen, Phys. Rev. C 57, 3319 (1998); arXiv:9711066 [nuclth];J. Cleymans, H. Oeschler, and K. Redlich, Phys. Rev. C 59, 1663 (1999); arXiv:809027 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> R. Averbeck, R. Holzmann, V. Metag, and R.S. Simon, Phys. Rev. C 67, 024903 (2003); arXiv:0012007 [nucl-ex].</li>
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger, I. Heppe, and J. Stachel, Phys. Lett. B 465, 15 (1999); arXiv:9903010 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger, D. Magestro, K. Redlich, and J. Stachel, Phys. Lett. B 518, 41 (2001); arXiv:0105229 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> W. Broniowski, W. Florkowski, and M. Michalec, Acta Phys. Polon. B 33, 761 (2002); arXiv:0106009 [nucl-th]; W. Broniowski and W. Florkowski, Phys. Rev. C 65, 064905 (2002); arXiv:0112043 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> M. Kaneta and N. Xu, arXiv:0405068 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> J. Adams et al. (STAR collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A 757, 102 (2005); arXiv:0501009 [nucl-ex].</li>
<li> R. Preghenella, arXiv:1111.7080 [hep-ex].</li>
<li> P. Braun-Munzinger and J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A 638, 3c (1998); arXiv:9803015 [nucl-ex].</li>
<li> J. Cleymans,H. Oeschler, K. Redlich, and S. Wheaton, Phys. Rev. C 73, 034905 (2006), J. Phys. G 32, S165 (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/32/12/S21">https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/32/12/S21</a></li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, M.I. Gorenstein, H. St¨ocker, and W. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B 485, 121 (2000). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00690-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00690-0</a></li>
<li> G. Zeeb, K.A. Bugaev, P.T. Reuter, and H. St¨ocker, Ukr. J. Phys. 53, 279 (2008).</li>
<li> F. Becattini, M. Gazdzicki, A. Keranen, J. Manninen, and R. Stock, Phys. Rev. C 69, 024905 (2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.024905">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.024905</a></li>
<li> A. Dumitru, L. Portugal, and D. Zschiesche, Phys. Rev. C 73, 024902 (2006); arXiv:0511084 [nucl-th].</li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, V.K. Petrov, and G.M. Zinovjev, Europhys. Lett. 85, 22002 (2009); arXiv:0801.4869v2 [hepph] and references therein. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/85/22002">https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/85/22002</a></li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, Nucl. Phys. A 807, 251 (2008); arXiv:1012.3400 [nucl-th]. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.04.007</a></li>
<li> R.A. Ritchie, M.I. Gorenstein, and H.G. Miller, Z. Phys. C 75 2002 (1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s002880050497">https://doi.org/10.1007/s002880050497</a></li>
<li> R.K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1972).</li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, Phys. Rev. C 76, 014903 (2007) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.014903">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.014903</a>; Phys. Atom. Nucl. 71, 1615 (2008);</li>
<li> A.I. Ivanytskyi, Nucl. Phys. A 880, 12 (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2012.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2012.02.004</a></li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, V.K. Petrov, and G.M. Zinovjev, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 9, 397 (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477112030065">https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477112030065</a></li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev and G.M. Zinovjev, Nucl. Phys. A 848, 443 (2010) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.09.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.09.007</a>; K.A. Bugaev, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 8, 907 (2011). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477111090093">https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477111090093</a></li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, A.I. Ivanytskyi, E.G. Nikonov, V.K. Petrov, A.S. Sorin, and G.M. Zinovjev, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 75, 1 (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778812060075">https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778812060075</a></li>
<li> M.E. Fisher, Physics 3, 255 (1967).</li>
<li> K.A. Bugaev, M.I. Gorenstein, I. N. Mishustin, and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 62, 044320 (2000) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.044320">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.044320</a>; Phys. Lett. B 498, 144 (2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01374-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01374-5</a></li>
<li> S.K. Tiwari, P.K. Srivastava, and C.P. Singh, Phys. Rev. C 85, 014908 (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.014908">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.014908</a></li>
<li> M. Gazdzicki and M.I. Gorenstein, Acta Phys. Polon. B 30, 2705 (1999).</li>
<li> M.I. Gorenstein, M. Gazdzicki, and K.A. Bugaev, Phys. Lett. B 567, 175 (2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2003.06.043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2003.06.043</a></li>
<li> M. Gazdzicki, M.I. Gorenstein, and P. Seyboth, Acta Phys. Polon. B 42, 307 (2011). <a href="https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.42.307">https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.42.307</a></li>
<ol>
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Agreement
License to Publish the Paper
Kyiv, Ukraine
The corresponding author and the co-authors (hereon referred to as the Author(s)) of the paper being submitted to the Ukrainian Journal of Physics (hereon referred to as the Paper) from one side and the Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, represented by its Director (hereon referred to as the Publisher) from the other side have come to the following Agreement:
1. Subject of the Agreement.
The Author(s) grant(s) the Publisher the free non-exclusive right to use the Paper (of scientific, technical, or any other content) according to the terms and conditions defined by this Agreement.
2. The ways of using the Paper.
2.1. The Author(s) grant(s) the Publisher the right to use the Paper as follows.
2.1.1. To publish the Paper in the Ukrainian Journal of Physics (hereon referred to as the Journal) in original language and translated into English (the copy of the Paper approved by the Author(s) and the Publisher and accepted for publication is a constitutive part of this License Agreement).
2.1.2. To edit, adapt, and correct the Paper by approval of the Author(s).
2.1.3. To translate the Paper in the case when the Paper is written in a language different from that adopted in the Journal.
2.2. If the Author(s) has(ve) an intent to use the Paper in any other way, e.g., to publish the translated version of the Paper (except for the case defined by Section 2.1.3 of this Agreement), to post the full Paper or any its part on the web, to publish the Paper in any other editions, to include the Paper or any its part in other collections, anthologies, encyclopaedias, etc., the Author(s) should get a written permission from the Publisher.
3. License territory.
The Author(s) grant(s) the Publisher the right to use the Paper as regulated by sections 2.1.1–2.1.3 of this Agreement on the territory of Ukraine and to distribute the Paper as indispensable part of the Journal on the territory of Ukraine and other countries by means of subscription, sales, and free transfer to a third party.
4. Duration.
4.1. This Agreement is valid starting from the date of signature and acts for the entire period of the existence of the Journal.
5. Loyalty.
5.1. The Author(s) warrant(s) the Publisher that:
– he/she is the true author (co-author) of the Paper;
– copyright on the Paper was not transferred to any other party;
– the Paper has never been published before and will not be published in any other media before it is published by the Publisher (see also section 2.2);
– the Author(s) do(es) not violate any intellectual property right of other parties. If the Paper includes some materials of other parties, except for citations whose length is regulated by the scientific, informational, or critical character of the Paper, the use of such materials is in compliance with the regulations of the international law and the law of Ukraine.
6. Requisites and signatures of the Parties.
Publisher: Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Address: Ukraine, Kyiv, Metrolohichna Str. 14-b.
Author: Electronic signature on behalf and with endorsement of all co-authors.
.png){kind=small}
